Crystalline order, i.e., the three-dimensional (or in the case of quasicrystals or incommensurate phases, higher-dimensional) translationally periodic repetition of a particular atomic configuration, is the outstanding characteristic of condensed matter in thermodynamic equilibrium. Which crystal structure for a given chemical composition corresponds to the lowest Gibbs …
In the very beginning of materials “science”, when men began to produce artificial materials, it was the time of trial and error, of pure empiricism. Today, we are a little closer to the realization of the old dream of designing any material with given properties owing …
In metal extraction, a vast majority of metallurgical reactions are made to take place at elevated temperatures because than the ore compounds become relatively unstable, facilitating the release of the metal. This is the basis of pyrometallurgy. Pyrometallurgy deals with the methods of extraction of metals …
